Meteorology

Meteorology

QUALIFICATION

  • First Stage of Higher Education - Bachelor of Natural Science

MODEL OF GRADUATING STUDENT

ON1. to describe the basic laws of functioning and development of nature and society based on knowledge of basic laws and methods of natural sciences, physics and mathematics; to explain and interpret the nature of basic physical processes occurring in the atmosphere;
ON2. to carry out field meteorological measurements and observations; to use new equipment, methods and technologies; to apply professional terminology, codes and regulations; to use information and communication technologies in professional activities;
ON3. to create a rational meteorological observation network; to check the quality of the network of meteorological stations and posts; to collect the necessary hydrometeorological information and make its analysis; to organize special meteorological observations; to use various ways of presenting meteorological information;
ON4. to explain and describe the physical processes of cloud formation and precipitation; to systematize them according to morphological and genetic features of education; to explain the nature of the occurrence of various optical and electrical phenomena in the atmosphere;
ON5. to use theoretical and methodological foundations of modern and promising methods of atmospheric sounding; to use modern databases and information retrieval methods; to analyze and evaluate meteorological, upper-air, radio-meteorological and satellite information when making weather forecasts;
ON6. to process and analyze weather maps, baric topography maps, upper-air charts; to identify features of the development of atmospheric processes and weather conditions for compilation of weather forecasts;
ON7. to work with models of general and mesoscale atmospheric circulation and interpret their results for weather forecasts;
ON8. to make short, medium and long-term weather forecasts; specialized meteorological forecasts; warnings about the occurrence of hazardous and spontaneous meteorological phenomena, abrupt weather changes and reporting them to state authorities and management, enterprises, institutions, organizations and public;
ON9. to evaluate hydrometeorological phenomena that are dangerous for various branches of economic activity, to explain the reasons for their occurrence and make a forecast;
ON10. to calculate the main characteristics of climate; to diagnose and analyze climate change trends; to compile an annual review of climatic conditions; to offer a national climate monitoring product using WMO software;
ON11. to assess meteorological factors affecting the state of the environment and to apply in practice developed recommendations for their accounting in order to protect the air basin; to organize the air quality monitoring in real time, including using radar and satellite observations;
ON12. to determine the trajectories of further personal and professional improvement in meteorology and related sciences.

Program passport

Speciality Name
Meteorology
Speciality Code
6B05204
Faculty
Geography and Environmental Sciences

disciplines

Aerology
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe modern and promising methods of atmospheric sensing. Discipline is aimed at studying: the structure and purpose of main atmospheric sensing systems; fundamentals of free atmosphere physics, modern methods of its research; radar equipment; processing and analyzing meteorological radar data.

Aviation meteorology (Course work)
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to organize air traffic control. Discipline is aimed at studying: theoretical foundations of aerodynamics and the influence of meteorological conditions on aircrafts at various heights and in different geographical areas; the influence of meteorological elements and weather phenomena on aviation activities.

Climatology
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe the climate system, the main factors of climate formation. The discipline is aimed at studying: methods of climatic data processing; conversion of solar energy into kinetic energy of the movements of the atmosphere and ocean; general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean and their climate-forming significance; fields of meteorological quantities; climate classification; meso- and microclimate; climate change and fluctuations.

Culturology
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Aim of discipline is to form a bachelor's understanding of the specifics of the development of national culture in the context of world culture and civilization, need to preserve the cultural code of the Kazakh people, ability to pursue in independent professional activity a strategy of preserving the cultural heritage.

Dynamical meteorology
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the to explain the physical basis of the equations of motion. The discipline is aimed at studying: equations describing large-scale atmospheric flows; the main factors that determine the change in time and space of the main meteorological quantities based on methods for solving the system of equations of hydrothermodynamics; physical principles of numerical prediction; numerical models of the general circulation of the atmosphere.

Foreign Language
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Purpose: to form the improvement of knowledge of foreign language communicative competence. The main methods of speech skills and foreign language communication skills are considered as a basis for the development of communicative competence; implementation of acquired speech skills in the process of searching, selecting and using material in English.

Higher mathematics
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form an idea of the most important mathematical concepts and statements. The discipline is aimed at studying: basic definitions, theorems and rules of higher mathematics for solving natural applied problems; concepts and methods of linear algebra, analytic geometry, differential and integral calculus; concepts and methods related to vectors and matrices, ways to solve differential equations.

Information-Communication Technologies
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - During the study of the discipline students will learn following aspects:ICT role in key sectors of development of society. Microsoft Office Windows Cybersafety. Internet technologies. Cloud and mobile technologies. Multimedia technologies. Smart Technology. E-technologies. Electronic business. E-learning. Electronic government. Information technologies in the professional sphere.

Kazakh (Russian) Language
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description -

Military Training
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - MC
  • Description - Military Training

Modern methods of presenting meteorological information
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to apply modern methods of presenting meteorological information and delivering it to the consumer. The discipline is aimed at studying: methods of obtaining and presenting meteorological information; modern methods of creating and maintaining actual databases in a GIS environment; methods of image processing and presentation of information; ARM Synoptics.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Culture)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - RK1+RK2 (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Political science)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - RK1+RK2 (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Psychology)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - RK1+RK2 (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Sociology)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Sociology/ Political science/ Culture/ Psychology)
  • Number of credits - 8
  • Type of control - RK + Exam (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Philosophy
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Purpose: to form a systematic understanding of philosophy and its main problems and methods in the context of future professional activities. The main content of ontology and metaphysics is considered in the context of the historical development of philosophy; the importance of key worldview concepts in the modern world.

Physical and chemical processes of the environment
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is the formation of an idea about the ongoing natural processes in the environment. The discipline is aimed at studying: elements of kinematics; mechanics of liquids and gases; molecular physics; thermodynamics; physics of oscillations and waves; basic chemical phenomena and processes occurring in the environment; exchange reactions in electrolyte solutions, redox reactions; patterns of chemical processes.

Physical meteorology I
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe the composition and structure of the atmosphere; processes of radiation and radiation transfer; warm regime of the atmosphere, soil, and water bodies. The discipline is aimed at studying: the physical properties of the atmosphere; basics of atmospheric static; solar radiation conversion processes; radiation balance; thermophysical properties of soil and reservoirs, processes of their heating and cooling; thermal state of the atmosphere.

Physical meteorology II
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe the thermodynamic processes occurring in the atmosphere; water balance and wind, the principle of operation and the purpose of meteorological instruments. The discipline is aimed at studying: thermodynamic processes; exchange of heat, moisture and momentum between the atmosphere and the earth's surface; the formation of fog and haze; air currents; meteorological measurement methods and meteorological observations.

Physical Training
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - РК(с оценкой)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is the formation of social and personal competencies of students, ensuring the targeted use of the appropriate means of physical culture and sports for preservation, preparation for professional activities. As a result of studying the discipline, the graduate should know the role of physical culture in human development.

Physics of clouds and precipitation
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe the physical processes of the formation of clouds and precipitation, the nature of optical and electrical phenomena. The discipline is aimed at studying: phase transitions of water in the atmosphere; morphological and genetic classification of clouds; cloud formation processes, their structure; cloud evolution; the processes of enlargement of cloud elements and the formation of precipitation; optical and electrical phenomena.

Political Science
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The academic discipline “Political science” forms knowledge of the laws and laws of world politics and modern political processes, explaining the essence and content of the policy of national states, on the basis of ensuring national security and the realization of national interests.

Pollution and protection of the atmosphere
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe a set of practical measures and recommendations aimed at protecting the environment and managing the quality of the air environment. The discipline is aimed at studying: monitoring systems for the state of atmospheric air; environmental quality standards; general patterns of transport and dispersion of impurities in the atmosphere; emissions regulation; control and management of atmospheric air quality.

Psychology
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of studying the discipline is to provide scientifically grounded training of highly qualified specialists on the basis of studying the fundamental concepts of psychology management, creating the necessary prerequisites for theoretical understanding and practical application of the most important management problems related to the process of professional development.

Remote sensing of the atmosphere
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to use radar and satellite information in synoptic analysis. Discipline is aimed at studying: theoretical foundations in remote sensing; methods for measuring parameters of the state of the atmosphere the use of radar and satellite information in synoptic analysis.

Sociology
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The course presents general questions of theory and history of sociology, methodology and methods of sociological research, special sociological theories. This course is aimed at shaping the sociological imagination of students, basic ideas about the subject and methods of sociological research, topical problems and sociology branches.

Synoptic Meteorology I
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to receive and present meteorological information; use the basic means of synoptic analysis.. Discipline is aimed at studying: methods of obtaining and presenting meteorological information; processing and analysis of synoptic maps; physical patterns of development of processes in the atmosphere.

Synoptic meteorology II (Course work)
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to apply the methods of forecasting and analyzing the current weather using GIS-Meteo. Discipline is aimed at studying: the physical laws governing the development of processes in the atmosphere; classification of atmospheric fronts; techniques for compiling short-term weather forecasts; factors changing cyclo-anticyclogenesis.

Нistory of Kazakhstan
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [РК1+MT+РК2+ ГЭК] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to give objective knowledge about the main stages in the development of the history of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present. Expected learning outcomes: 1) demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the main stages in the development of the history of Kazakhstan; 2) to correlate the phenomena and events of the historical past with the general paradigm of the world-historical development of human society through critical analysis; 3) to possess the skills of analytical and axiological analysis in the study of historical processes and phenomena of modern Kazakhstan; 4) be able to objectively and comprehensively comprehend the immanent features of the modern Kazakh model of development; 5) Systematize and give a critical assessment of historical phenomena and processes in the history of Kazakhstan. During the study of the discipline students will learn following aspects: Ancient people and the formation of a nomadic civilization, Turkic civilization and the Great Steppe, Kazakhstan in modern times (XVIII - early XX centuries), Kazakhstan as part of the Soviet administrative-command system, Kazakhstan in the world community (1991-2022).

Data for 2021-2024 years

disciplines

Abais Teaching
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The goal of the discipline is to form in future specialists the ability to self-knowledge, the use of Abai's doctrine as the basis of spirituality and intellectuality of modern Kazakhstan, the application of their professional knowledge, understanding and abilities through the prism of humanism and education in order to strengthen the unity of the country and civil solidarity of society.The following will be studied: the concept of the teachings of Abai; sources of teaching; components of Abai's doctrine; categories of Abai's doctrine; measuring instruments of the teachings of Abai; the essence and meaning of Abai’s doctrine.

Agricultural Meteorology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe and evaluate the meteorological, climatic and hydrological conditions relevant to agriculture. Discipline is aimed at studying: crop formation processes; soil formation processes; economic activities in the production of crop products; space-time connections of biological objects with weather.

Agrometeorology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe the influence of weather factors on crops growth and development. Discipline is aimed at studying: agrometeorological conditions of growth for main agricultural crops; efficient use of climate resources to increase agricultural production; influence of weather and climate on agricultural productivity.

Al-Farabi and Modernity
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Aim of the discipline: to form students' ideas about the scientific and philosophical heritage of the great Turkic thinker Abu Nasr al-Farabi in developing the world and national culture. Learning outcomes: explain the main philosophical contents al-Farabi's heritage and his influence on the formation of Turkic philosophy; influence European Renaissance.

Climate of Kazakhstan
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe the conditions that form the climate of Kazakhstan. Discipline is aimed at studying: the main climatic characteristics of Kazakhstan; features of atmospheric circulation; climate change; use of climate information for applied tasks; international programs to reduce the impact on climate.

Ecology and Human Life Safety
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The goal of the discipline is to form a number of key competencies based on modern environmental management concepts that implement the principles of harmonious optimization of the conditions for human interaction with nature, including in the process of tourist and recreational activities.The following will be studied: the principles of sustainable development, conservation and reproduction of natural resources to ensure the safety of human life, methods for assessing and minimizing risks, protecting against dangers, including during travel, measures to eliminate the consequences of accidents, anthropogenic disasters, natural disasters, environmental protection and rational environmental management.

Economic Meteorology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to apply the methods of optimal use of meteorological information for economic activities. Discipline is aimed at studying: principles and specifics of meteorological support for economic sectors, their adaptation to weather conditions; methods of optimal use of meteorological information.

Entrepreneurship
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Purpose: to form basic knowledge in the field of theory and practice of creating your own business, necessary for the formation of: an economic way of thinking. The internal and external environment of business entrepreneurship are considered; state regulation and the role of the state for the business environment

Fundamentals of programming in meteorology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to create a clear, reliable and reasonable efficient code using top-down design, informal analysis and effective testing and debugging. The course forms a modern understanding of programming in the Python language. Discipline is aimed at studying the principles of programming; writing programs.

General hydrology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to describe and determine the most common processes in hydrosphere. Discipline is aimed at studying: the hydrosphere’s structure; main methods of water bodies and hydrological processes; assessment of the potential and rational use of water resources in the water basins in Kazakhstan.

Hazardous phenomena and risk assessment
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to calculate individual and collective risks in emergency situations. Discipline is aimed at studying: the characteristics of hazardous weather phenomena; research methodologies for hazardous weather; hazard (risk) classification, methods for their assessment and damage; conceptual framework for risk assessment.

Legal Bases of Corruption Control
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The goal of the discipline is to form a responsible attitude and the ability to demonstrate in practice the application of the principles and norms of anti-corruption legislation in order to prevent corruption offenses, to form intolerance towards corruption, an anti-corruption culture in everyday life and at the workplace, civil liability. The following will be studied: anti-corruption legislation, the system and activities of anti-corruption subjects, causes and conditions conducive to corruption, anti-corruption policy, international experience in combating corruption.

Long-term Meteorological Forecasts
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to make long-term meteorological forecasts for different periods. Discipline is aimed at studying: the scientific basis of long-term meteorological forecasts, the physical laws and regularities of long-term weather changes; main methods of long-term meteorological forecasts, to determine their effectiveness and accuracy.

Meteorological Python (MetPy)
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to use a computer in meteorology through self-created software. Discipline is aimed at studying and using a simple design of MetPy program to develop an effective modular code. for further calculations and their visualization; developing problem solving skills in a structured language.

Meteorological support of flights
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to timely provide meteorological information to pilots. Discipline is aimed at studying: aviation meteorological codes; the order of meteorological flight support; increasing the reliability, economic models of meteorological support of aviation; practices and standards of the World Meteorological Organization.

Modern databases in meteorology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to develop skills in the use of modern weather databases for solving applied problems. Discipline is aimed at studying: compiling modern databases and using data from world centers; data recovery and archives; weather data quality assessments; climate databases; special programs for working with databases of meteodata.

Natural conditions of Kazakhstan
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to describe and evaluate the natural resource potential of Kazakhstan. The discipline is aimed at studying: the relationship and interdependence of the main components of nature - the history of geological development, relief, climate, inland waters, soil and biota; the main stages of physical and geographical research in Kazakhstan.

Regional Synoptic Meteorology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to determine the types of synoptic processes and related weather conditions in various regions of Kazakhstan. The discipline is aimed at studying: space-time heterogeneity and variability of meteorological fields; principles of typification of atmospheric processes; characteristics of typical synoptic processes in Kazakhstan and Central Asia; weather forecasting methods; conditions of formation and forecast of hazardous weather phenomena.

Scientific Research Methods
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Objective - to develop skills in cognitive activity in the field of science. To use methods of scientific research for understanding and assimilating information. To be able to describe the object of research. To master methods of search, processing of scientific information, systematization, analysis, synthesis to obtain an objective content of scientific knowledge. To apply analytical and practical research methods and argumentation systems for justification, assertion, evaluation.

Statistical methods in meteorology
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to apply probability theory and mathematical statistics to meteorological data series, to carry out statistical analysis. Discipline is aimed at studying: empirical distributions; normal law, χ2 – Pearson, t-Student, F-Fisher distribution and their practical use; theoretical laws of distribution; verification of statistical hypotheses.

Weather forecasts for aviation
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The discipline’s purpose is to form the ability to make forecasts of important meteorological values for aviation. Discipline is aimed at studying: types of aviation forecasts; codes; computational methods for predicting hazardous weather; wind forecast on the ground and at altitudes; forecast of low clouds, fogs and convective phenomena.

Data for 2021-2024 years

INTERNSHIPS

Pre-Diploma
  • Type of control - Защита практики
  • Description - TThe objective is form the ability to consolidate the theoretical knowledge, analytical and managerial skills, collecting material for the diploma work. The following will be studied: analysis of enterprises' performance effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of enterprises, list of partners, agreements, contracts, arrangement of meetings, negotiations, recruitment of personnel, team work.

Professional (educational) practice
  • Type of control - Защита практики
  • Description - The purpose of the practice is to form the ability to apply in the field in practice their knowledge and skills formed during the development of the discipline "Geodesy", as close as possible to the production conditions of land management. As a result of the internship the student will be able to: 1. use surveying tools; 2. make verification of theodolites, levels, total stations and their installation in the working position; 3. lay theodolite course; 4. make leveling; 5. perform total station survey; 6. to produce laboratory processing of field measurements; 7. make a plan, longitudinal and transverse profiles and other necessary drawings. The practice of geodesy refers to a cycle of training practices. During the practice, the following types of geodetic works will be done: verification of theodolites, levels, total stations and their installation in the working position: centering, horizonting; measurements by theodolite, level, total station; laying of the traverse along the boundary of land use and checking the admissibility of measurement errors; in excess of measurement errors, repeated measurements are made; leveling and checking the admissibility of measurement errors; surveying and manufacturing plan.

Professional (production) practice
  • Type of control - Защита практики
  • Description - The purpose of the practice is to form professional knowledge in the field of the chosen specialty, to consolidate the theoretical knowledge obtained in the disciplines of the directions and special disciplines of the program, to master the necessary professional competencies in the chosen direction of specialized training. The practice is designed to create conditions for the formation of practical competencies.

Data for 2021-2024 years