Natural and Technogenic Risks

Natural and Technogenic Risks

QUALIFICATION

  • First Stage of Higher Education - Bachelor of Natural Science

MODEL OF GRADUATING STUDENT

ON1 demonstrate knowledge of natural and anthropogenic factors, Genesis, evolution, mechanisms of formation and functioning of geodynamic systems;
ON2 интерпретировать interpret the obtained knowledge in the justification of geodynamic processes and natural-anthropogenic phenomena using GIS technologies;
ON3 аргумен to argue the principles and methods of applied areas of geography, laws of transformation of natural geosystems under the influence of human economic activity;
ON4 demonstrate knowledge of specialized software and technical systems for solving research and production and technological tasks;
ON5 обоснов substantiate the theoretical foundations of cartographic modeling of various geodynamic situations for monitoring natural and man-made systems.
ON6 обсудить discuss and integrate interdisciplinary knowledge in solving the problem of monitoring and forecasting of natural and man-made geosystems;
ON7 apply the main methods, approaches and techniques of natural component and natural system research in the study of geodynamics of the earth's surface;
ON8 use methods of cartographic modeling of geodynamics, natural and natural-man-made objects, phenomena and processes of phenomena, their interrelations;
ON9 анализировать analyze and argue regional socially significant problems related to the development of natural and man-made risks;
ON10 use earth remote sensing materials with optimal parameters and analyze the information obtained to make forecasts for the development of geosystems and their mapping
ON11 make forecasts of the manifestation and development of dangerous natural and man-made processes and phenomena using modern innovative methods for making management decisions;
ON12 формули formulate their own judgments, the content of scientific discussions and positions on the manifestations of extreme geodynamic situations using professional trusting collegial relationships;

Program passport

Speciality Name
Natural and Technogenic Risks
Speciality Code
6B05206
Faculty
Geography and Environmental Sciences

disciplines

Aerospace research methods
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to receive remote sensing data from various media to solve practical problems in the study of the earth's surface. The course studies technical means and technology for taking pictures, photogrammetric properties of pictures, methods of extracting necessary information from a snapshot, a technique for interpreting satellite images, modern space systems used for solving practical problems

Anthropogenic natural-territorial complexes and their mapping
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to apply theoretical knowledge of the study of the structure and functioning of natural territorial complexes to determine the role of man in the evolution of ecosystems. The course studies the natural factors of spatial differentiation of natural-territorial complexes; types and classification of anthropogenic forms of PTK; functioning, dynamics and sustainability of geosystems to environmental risks; environmental aspects of PTC organization

Cartography with bases of topography
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to design cartographic images for the preparation of general geographic maps. The course studies the types of topographic and geographical maps; mathematical basis of maps and methods of cartographic images; types of symbols on maps; methods of cartographic generalization; analysis and evaluation of geographical maps, cartographic methods of research, principles of design, creation, editing and updating maps.

Culturology
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Aim of discipline is to form a bachelor's understanding of the specifics of the development of national culture in the context of world culture and civilization, need to preserve the cultural code of the Kazakh people, ability to pursue in independent professional activity a strategy of preserving the cultural heritage.

Dangerous natural processes
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to apply theoretical knowledge about dangerous and unfavorable processes of relief formation to identify the causes of the factors of their formation and environmental significance. The course studies the main main factors, features and patterns of development of natural hazardous processes and phenomena, the principles and methods of their mapping, research and monitoring of hazardous processes.

Desertification and degradation of geosystems
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to formulate the ability to identify the causes of the process of desertification and degradation of geosystems in order to determine their ecological role in nature and human life. The discipline studies the components of the modern geosystem, factors influencing the occurrence of degradation of geosystems and the development of the desertification process, man-made disasters, problems of environmental protection and tension, measures to prevent pollution of geosystems.

Environmental assessment of natural-technogenic systems
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to use the theoretical foundations for the environmental assessment of the impact of various types of economic activity on natural and man-made systems for making managerial decisions on the quality of the environment and rational nature management;The course studies the theoretical and legal foundations for the development of EIA; methods for assessing the impact on natural and man-made systems; normative-legal support of the EIA procedure and ecological expertise.

Foreign Language
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Purpose: to form the improvement of knowledge of foreign language communicative competence. The main methods of speech skills and foreign language communication skills are considered as a basis for the development of communicative competence; implementation of acquired speech skills in the process of searching, selecting and using material in English.

Geoecology
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the course is to develop the ability to understand the patterns of development of the geographical shell of the Earth, the specifics of regional and local territories; to analyze mechanisms for determining ways to solve geoecological issues. The course forms the basis for studying changes in the geographical environment as a result of its natural development and anthropogenic impact. The course is aimed at forming representations of manifestations of regional and local geoecological issues.

Geomorphology and Geodynamics
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to explain the laws of the formation of the relief of the earth’s surface and the laws governing the development of geodynamic processes to determine their assessment and development forecast. The course studies concepts of geomorphology, methods of geomorphological research, physical and geographical factors of relief formation; morphological, genetic features of relief forms and their classification; types of endogenous and exogenous processes, principles and methods of geomorphological mapping

Hydrometeorological factor of natural and technogenic processes
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to determine the patterns of hydrometeorology as factors in the formation of natural and technogenic risks. The course studies geographical factors and patterns of climate and hydrography, anthropogenic and technogenic impact on hydrometeorological systems, global climate change, its manifestation and possible environmental and socio-economic risks and consequences; hydrological regime of rivers, its response to climate change and changes in geosystems

Information-Communication Technologies
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - During the study of the discipline students will learn following aspects:ICT role in key sectors of development of society. Microsoft Office Windows Cybersafety. Internet technologies. Cloud and mobile technologies. Multimedia technologies. Smart Technology. E-technologies. Electronic business. E-learning. Electronic government. Information technologies in the professional sphere.

Interpretation of space images
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline: to develop the ability to understand the basic basics of processing remote sensing materials in order to obtain practical skills in working on specialized software for decrypting aerospace images. The discipline studies the theoretical foundations of computer processing and decryption of satellite images, modern technologies and methods for processing and interpreting aerospace images, existing software for decrypting aerospace images, and methods for automating decryption

Introduction to GIS
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to substantiate, design, create and use GIS for the study and mapping of PTS. The course studies the development of geoinformation technologies, applied aspects of the application of GIS, processing, display and distribution of spatial data, its integration, information related to inventory, analysis, modeling, forecasting and management of the environment and the territorial organization of society.

Kazakh (Russian) Language
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description -

Military Training
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - MC
  • Description - Military Training

Module of socio-political knowledge (Culture)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - RK1+RK2 (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Political science)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - RK1+RK2 (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Psychology)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - RK1+RK2 (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Sociology)
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - RK1+RK2 (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Module of socio-political knowledge (Sociology/ Political science/ Culture/ Psychology)
  • Number of credits - 8
  • Type of control - RK + Exam (100)
  • Description - Aim оf discipline: to develop the ability to explain and interpret subject knowledge in all fields of science, shaping of the discipline. Sociology and sociological perspectives, social structure, form of policy, organizational structure, institutions, the legal and organizational rules, content, purpose, value, policy, concept and essence of culture, semiotics of culture, psychology of personality, psychology of interpersonal communication will be studied.

Natural - technogenic systems and environmental risk
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to apply the acquired knowledge about the methods of studying environmental risks for making management decisions to reduce risks. The course studies the sources and parameters of hazardous natural phenomena leading to emergency situations; technogenic systems and their impact on the environment; risk characteristics for different types of nature management; environmental monitoring

Philosophy
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Purpose: to form a systematic understanding of philosophy and its main problems and methods in the context of future professional activities. The main content of ontology and metaphysics is considered in the context of the historical development of philosophy; the importance of key worldview concepts in the modern world.

Physical and chemical processes of the environment
  • Number of credits - 9
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is the formation of an idea about the ongoing natural processes in the environment. The discipline is aimed at studying: elements of kinematics; mechanics of liquids and gases; molecular physics; thermodynamics; physics of oscillations and waves; basic chemical phenomena and processes occurring in the environment; exchange reactions in electrolyte solutions, redox reactions; patterns of chemical processes.

Physical Training
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - РК(с оценкой)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is the formation of social and personal competencies of students, ensuring the targeted use of the appropriate means of physical culture and sports for preservation, preparation for professional activities. As a result of studying the discipline, the graduate should know the role of physical culture in human development.

Political Science
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The academic discipline “Political science” forms knowledge of the laws and laws of world politics and modern political processes, explaining the essence and content of the policy of national states, on the basis of ensuring national security and the realization of national interests.

Psychology
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of studying the discipline is to provide scientifically grounded training of highly qualified specialists on the basis of studying the fundamental concepts of psychology management, creating the necessary prerequisites for theoretical understanding and practical application of the most important management problems related to the process of professional development.

Science of floods
  • Number of credits - 6
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to explain the concepts of mudflows and mudflow basins - areas of the earth's surface, where the process of mud formation unfolds to study the conditions and mechanism of the generation of mudflows. Discipline studies the causes and mechanisms of formation, the dynamics of mudflows; geology and geomorphology of mudflow basins; mathematical modeling, mapping; mudflow geography, forecasting; development of principles and methods of protection from mudflows.

Sociology
  • Number of credits - 2
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The course presents general questions of theory and history of sociology, methodology and methods of sociological research, special sociological theories. This course is aimed at shaping the sociological imagination of students, basic ideas about the subject and methods of sociological research, topical problems and sociology branches.

Нistory of Kazakhstan
  • Number of credits - 5
  • Type of control - [РК1+MT+РК2+ ГЭК] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to give objective knowledge about the main stages in the development of the history of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present. Expected learning outcomes: 1) demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the main stages in the development of the history of Kazakhstan; 2) to correlate the phenomena and events of the historical past with the general paradigm of the world-historical development of human society through critical analysis; 3) to possess the skills of analytical and axiological analysis in the study of historical processes and phenomena of modern Kazakhstan; 4) be able to objectively and comprehensively comprehend the immanent features of the modern Kazakh model of development; 5) Systematize and give a critical assessment of historical phenomena and processes in the history of Kazakhstan. During the study of the discipline students will learn following aspects: Ancient people and the formation of a nomadic civilization, Turkic civilization and the Great Steppe, Kazakhstan in modern times (XVIII - early XX centuries), Kazakhstan as part of the Soviet administrative-command system, Kazakhstan in the world community (1991-2022).

Data for 2021-2024 years

disciplines

Abais Teaching
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The goal of the discipline is to form in future specialists the ability to self-knowledge, the use of Abai's doctrine as the basis of spirituality and intellectuality of modern Kazakhstan, the application of their professional knowledge, understanding and abilities through the prism of humanism and education in order to strengthen the unity of the country and civil solidarity of society.The following will be studied: the concept of the teachings of Abai; sources of teaching; components of Abai's doctrine; categories of Abai's doctrine; measuring instruments of the teachings of Abai; the essence and meaning of Abai’s doctrine.

Al-Farabi and Modernity
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Aim of the discipline: to form students' ideas about the scientific and philosophical heritage of the great Turkic thinker Abu Nasr al-Farabi in developing the world and national culture. Learning outcomes: explain the main philosophical contents al-Farabi's heritage and his influence on the formation of Turkic philosophy; influence European Renaissance.

Ecology and Human Life Safety
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The goal of the discipline is to form a number of key competencies based on modern environmental management concepts that implement the principles of harmonious optimization of the conditions for human interaction with nature, including in the process of tourist and recreational activities.The following will be studied: the principles of sustainable development, conservation and reproduction of natural resources to ensure the safety of human life, methods for assessing and minimizing risks, protecting against dangers, including during travel, measures to eliminate the consequences of accidents, anthropogenic disasters, natural disasters, environmental protection and rational environmental management.

Entrepreneurship
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Purpose: to form basic knowledge in the field of theory and practice of creating your own business, necessary for the formation of: an economic way of thinking. The internal and external environment of business entrepreneurship are considered; state regulation and the role of the state for the business environment

Environmental assessment of natural resources of Kazakhstan
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to acquire theoretical knowledge that allows analyzing the territorial distribution of Kazakhstan's natural resources for their environmental assessment. The course studies the methodological foundations of natural resources, patterns of distribution and distribution; methods of environmental assessment of natural resources in solving scientific and practical problems, methods for studying the resource potential of regional and local geosystems of Kazakhstan

Environmental protection
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to analyze main anthropogenic impacts on geosystems for the development of environmental protection measures to prevent ecosystem disturbances. The course studies the theoretical foundations of environmental protection; analysis of natural components, their resource-producing and socio-economic functions, natural and anthropogenic objects, identification of the main sources of pollution, as well as the principles of environmental protection

Environmental risks of urbanized territories
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to apply the received theoretical knowledge about urban areas as separate ecosystems to identify the causes of environmental risks in modern cities and urban agglomerations and to organize monitoring of the state of the urban environment. The course studies the formation of urbanized territories; development of cities and urban systems; characteristics and problems of modern cities and urban agglomerations.

Fundamentals of forecasting and modeling of natural and technogenic risks
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to formulate the ability to substantiate the acquired knowledge for the assessment, modeling and forecasting of natural and man-made geosystems. The course studies the principles of formation and functioning of natural and man-made systems; risk modeling and forecasting methods; development of practical recommendations for the protection of nature from the manifestations of natural and technogenic processes and risks and ensuring sustainable development and the adoption of environmental measures

Geoinformation mapping of environmental risks of geosystems
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to explain current trends in the development of geoinformation mapping for the development of digital and electronic maps of environmental risks. The course studies theoretical, methodological approaches to designing, compiling and editing maps of environmental risks; principles and methods of automated mapping, digital databases; the use of digital and electronic maps in solving environmental problems

GIS programming of geosystems
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to learn a programming language for working with spatial data in a GIS environment. The course studies the basic conceptual and terminological apparatus and the basics of programming in a GIS environment in a programming language; the work of geodata programming and geoprocessing tools in a GIS environment; methods for optimizing work in a GIS environment using a programming language and perform specialized tasks in a GIS environment.

GIS technologies in Natural- technogenic systems
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to argue the basic principles of the GIS software for the study of natural and man-made systems. The course studies the theoretical foundations of the GIS structure, their components, the basic principles of functioning and the capabilities of modern GIS technologies; ways of obtaining, storing, editing geodata, geoprocessing tools and tools, ways of analyzing data and presenting results for practical use

Information technologies in the tasks of nature management
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to master the theoretical foundations and practical technologies for assessing the environmental situation through the use of modern computer technologies and systems. The course studies the main types of environmental information, the organization of collection, processing, storage, transmission and presentation; promising computer technologies, expediency of their application in nature management; modern software packages for solving environmental problems

Innovative research methods of Natural-technogenic systems
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to apply the capabilities of modern geographical, physical, mathematical, informational, geological and environmental methods in the study of natural and man-made systems. The course studies the main innovative methods for studying natural-technogenic systems; system approach method; statistical and dynamic analysis and organization of natural-technogenic systems; information processing for monitoring natural-technogenic systems; development of corrective actions and programs.

Legal Bases of Corruption Control
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The goal of the discipline is to form a responsible attitude and the ability to demonstrate in practice the application of the principles and norms of anti-corruption legislation in order to prevent corruption offenses, to form intolerance towards corruption, an anti-corruption culture in everyday life and at the workplace, civil liability. The following will be studied: anti-corruption legislation, the system and activities of anti-corruption subjects, causes and conditions conducive to corruption, anti-corruption policy, international experience in combating corruption.

Medical geography
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form the ability to analyze ideas about medical geography as a science for applying the method of medical and geographical research in the field of improving human health. The course studies the natural factors in the formation of social risks of public health, the sources and social contexts of the disease, the interaction of genetic factors with environmental factors, the principles and methods of medical and geographical research.

Scientific Research Methods
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - Objective - to develop skills in cognitive activity in the field of science. To use methods of scientific research for understanding and assimilating information. To be able to describe the object of research. To master methods of search, processing of scientific information, systematization, analysis, synthesis to obtain an objective content of scientific knowledge. To apply analytical and practical research methods and argumentation systems for justification, assertion, evaluation.

Society and Environment
  • Type of control - [РК1+MT+РК2+ ГЭК] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to formulate the ability to explain the concept that characterizes the natural conditions of the territory in order to determine its ecological state. The course studies the natural conditions of the territory, the state of its local and global ecosystems, including technical systems and their interaction with humans, the sustainable functioning of natural ecosystems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, environmental standards and standards for permissible impact on it

Technogenic systems and technogenic risk
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the discipline is to form an idea of the technosphere as an integral part of the environment in order to identify the global consequences of technogenic risk. The course studies the quality of the natural environment, social and natural objects, negative events of technogenic origin, the probability of an accident or disaster during the operation and implementation of technological processes, general risk issues, management activities to reduce technogenic risk

Data for 2021-2024 years

INTERNSHIPS

Professional (educational) practice
  • Type of control - Защита практики
  • Description - The purpose of the practice is to form the ability to apply in the field in practice their knowledge and skills formed during the development of the discipline "Geodesy", as close as possible to the production conditions of land management. As a result of the internship the student will be able to: 1. use surveying tools; 2. make verification of theodolites, levels, total stations and their installation in the working position; 3. lay theodolite course; 4. make leveling; 5. perform total station survey; 6. to produce laboratory processing of field measurements; 7. make a plan, longitudinal and transverse profiles and other necessary drawings. The practice of geodesy refers to a cycle of training practices. During the practice, the following types of geodetic works will be done: verification of theodolites, levels, total stations and their installation in the working position: centering, horizonting; measurements by theodolite, level, total station; laying of the traverse along the boundary of land use and checking the admissibility of measurement errors; in excess of measurement errors, repeated measurements are made; leveling and checking the admissibility of measurement errors; surveying and manufacturing plan.

Professional (Pre-Diploma) Internship
  • Type of control - Защита практики
  • Description - The objective of the internship is an informational and analytical activity of students, aimed to preparing a thesis. The following will be implemented in internship: the collection and synthesis of materials for the thesis; analysis of the provided services quality, pricing/assortment policy, personnel management system; an economic analysis of the study object for a certain period, the results of the analysis of the enterprise’s activities and the development of proposals for its improvement will be summarized.

Professional (production) practice
  • Type of control - [RK1+MT+RK2+Exam] (100)
  • Description - The purpose of the practice is to form professional knowledge in the field of the chosen specialty, to consolidate the theoretical knowledge obtained in the disciplines of the directions and special disciplines of the program, to master the necessary professional competencies in the chosen direction of specialized training. The practice is designed to create conditions for the formation of practical competencies.

Professional (production) practice
  • Type of control - Защита практики
  • Description - The purpose of the practice is to form professional knowledge in the field of the chosen specialty, to consolidate the theoretical knowledge obtained in the disciplines of the directions and special disciplines of the program, to master the necessary professional competencies in the chosen direction of specialized training. The practice is designed to create conditions for the formation of practical competencies.

Data for 2021-2024 years